日前(qian)(qian)中(zhong)汽(qi)協發布2017年1-11月，新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)汽(qi)車產銷分(fen)別完成63.9萬(wan)輛和60.9萬(wan)輛，同比分(fen)別增長49.7%和51.4%。截止11月底，我(wo)(wo)國(guo)新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)汽(qi)車保(bao)有量達169.9萬(wan)輛。而(er)從全產業(ye)鏈(lian)協同推進的角度來(lai)看，在充(chong)電基礎設(she)施領域，目前(qian)(qian)我(wo)(wo)國(guo)共(gong)建成公共(gong)充(chong)電樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)約19.5萬(wan)個，加上私人(ren)充(chong)電樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)數量，總(zong)的車樁(zhuang)(zhuang)(zhuang)比約為4:1，還無法(fa)滿足新能(neng)(neng)源(yuan)汽(qi)車的正常充(chong)電需求。

盡管充(chong)電設施(shi)建(jian)設還(huan)有待繼續(xu)加強，但(dan)經過近兩年浮(fu)躁、冒進之后，充(chong)電設施(shi)行業(ye)已日趨理(li)性(xing)，特(te)來電于德祥董(dong)事長在一(yi)(yi)場論壇上指(zhi)出，“一(yi)(yi)車(che)一(yi)(yi)樁”路線是錯誤的(de)(de)，未來要(yao)建(jian)設智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)，環保(bao)，可控制(zhi)的(de)(de)充(chong)換電網(wang)絡系統。筆者深以為然，如何(he)建(jian)設高(gao)效，合(he)理(li)分(fen)布，充(chong)分(fen)使用的(de)(de)集中式(shi)充(chong)電站或者說充(chong)換電網(wang)絡系統尤為重要(yao)。這里特(te)別推(tui)薦一(yi)(yi)種說新(xin)不(bu)新(xin)，但(dan)很有參考意(yi)義的(de)(de)充(chong)電站建(jian)設模式(shi)-微電網(wang)儲能(neng)(neng)系統電動(dong)汽車(che)充(chong)電站（以下簡(jian)稱儲能(neng)(neng)充(chong)電站）

什(shen)么是儲能充電站

儲(chu)能充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)站主要(yao)由儲(chu)能充(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)和(he)控制(zhi)系統(tong)組(zu)成(cheng)，儲(chu)能充(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)實現對儲(chu)能電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)和(he)交(jiao)流電(dian)(dian)(dian)網或光伏(fu)直流微網之間的能量轉換，控制(zhi)系統(tong)實現對電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)在(zai)(zai)線(xian)監測(ce)管理和(he)對儲(chu)能充(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)的控制(zhi)。在(zai)(zai)集裝箱式的機柜內，由電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)組(zu)和(he)儲(chu)能充(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)及相(xiang)應的控制(zhi)系統(tong)，和(he)充(chong)(chong)(chong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)控制(zhi)系統(tong)的配置，組(zu)合成(cheng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車充(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)儲(chu)能系統(tong)。系統(tong)采(cai)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)化(hua)設計(ji)，最(zui)大充(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)功率和(he)儲(chu)電(dian)(dian)(dian)容量可(ke)以根據需求(qiu)通(tong)過(guo)增減充(chong)(chong)(chong)放(fang)(fang)(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)模(mo)(mo)塊(kuai)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)池(chi)(chi)(chi)容量來(lai)調整，滿足各類不同應用場景(jing)的需求(qiu)。

其實這也(ye)是一(yi)個(ge)(ge)智能(neng)的微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網系統，以(yi)儲能(neng)為中心，形成一(yi)個(ge)(ge)可控、環保、經濟適用的充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網絡(luo)，在不改變配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網的前提下(xia)，系統可實現：電(dian)(dian)(dian)網對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車充電(dian)(dian)(dian)；儲能(neng)；儲能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池對(dui)(dui)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車充電(dian)(dian)(dian)；儲能(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)池向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網售電(dian)(dian)(dian)；電(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車向(xiang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網售電(dian)(dian)(dian)五大功能(neng)。形成一(yi)個(ge)(ge)生態型微(wei)電(dian)(dian)(dian)網充放(fang)電(dian)(dian)(dian)體系。

充分(fen)利用峰谷電價差

隨著社(she)會經濟的(de)(de)發展(zhan)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)的(de)(de)供(gong)、需(xu)矛盾(dun)愈(yu)加突(tu)出，一天24小時用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)變(bian)化很大，但(dan)為應付一天中的(de)(de)高(gao)峰需(xu)求(qiu)，供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)是(shi)(shi)按高(gao)峰時間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)需(xu)求(qiu)來設(she)計生產(chan)規(gui)模或供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)能力(li)的(de)(de)，在非(fei)高(gao)峰時間(jian)(jian)部分設(she)備是(shi)(shi)停轉閑(xian)置的(de)(de)。所以，高(gao)峰時間(jian)(jian)供(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)的(de)(de)邊際成(cheng)本(ben)較(jiao)高(gao)，而非(fei)高(gao)峰時間(jian)(jian)的(de)(de)邊際成(cheng)本(ben)較(jiao)低，從(cong)而形(xing)成(cheng)用(yong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)量(liang)的(de)(de)峰谷差別，為均衡電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)供(gong)應，降低電(dian)(dian)(dian)廠(chang)成(cheng)本(ben)，電(dian)(dian)(dian)網公(gong)司實(shi)行峰谷電(dian)(dian)(dian)價。

峰(feng)谷電價(jia)價(jia)差(cha)，為實施電儲(chu)能提供了(le)利(li)潤和成本節省空間(jian)，長期(qi)致力于研究儲(chu)能充(chong)電站的深成晟(sheng)公司施先生給(gei)筆者算了(le)一筆賬,以深圳為例(li)：

深圳(zhen)市的一般工商業用電收費標準為：峰1.0766元/KW·H，谷0.2801元/KW·H。

假設在某充(chong)電(dian)站高峰期用(yong)電(dian)1000度 。那么(me)

普通充電站：1000*1.0766=1076.6元

儲能充電(dian)站：1000*0.2801=280.1元

“那(nei)么此充(chong)電(dian)站使(shi)用電(dian)動汽(qi)車充(chong)放(fang)電(dian)及微電(dian)網儲能系(xi)統可節省(sheng)73%以(yi)上電(dian)費。不同省(sheng)份(fen)電(dian)價差不一(yi)定相同，但是總體可以(yi)節省(sheng)50-60%以(yi)上的費用。”

可(ke)見(jian)峰(feng)谷(gu)電價差對于充電運營企業的(de)影響甚大。儲(chu)能(neng)充電站正好(hao)可(ke)以將(jiang)低谷(gu)時(shi)段的(de)電儲(chu)存起來，用于高(gao)峰(feng)時(shi)段給電動汽車充電，這樣既能(neng)配合電網均衡供(gong)應，削(xue)峰(feng)填谷(gu)的(de)需求(qiu)，又能(neng)充分(fen)利(li)用峰(feng)谷(gu)電價差，節約(yue)成(cheng)本(ben)，提高(gao)利(li)潤。

破解配電網增容難題

隨著電動(dong)汽車(che)的快速增(zeng)(zeng)長，電網(wang)負荷不斷增(zeng)(zeng)大，勢必沖擊電網(wang)運行效率。而增(zeng)(zeng)加(jia)配電設備容量，將會涉及(ji)變(bian)電站建(jian)設、線(xian)路建(jian)設、多部門協調(diao)及(ji)復雜的施(shi)工改造(zao)等(deng)問(wen)題(ti)，成本巨大，推動(dong)過程(cheng)緩慢，將不利于電動(dong)汽車(che)的推廣和普及(ji)。

中國(guo)電(dian)(dian)力科學院教授級高工李相(xiang)俊說(shuo)，如果在晚上儲能(neng)，白天(tian)利(li)用存儲的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)能(neng)充(chong)電(dian)(dian)，經(jing)過(guo)這樣的(de)(de)優化(hua)調度可以抑制峰谷差(cha)、大大減少網損。電(dian)(dian)網的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)通過(guo)儲能(neng)系統的(de)(de)轉換(huan)，最(zui)高可以減輕國(guo)家(jia)電(dian)(dian)網80%的(de)(de)負擔(dan)。這樣一來小區，商業區，甚至工業區在配網容量(liang)富余(yu)不足(zu)的(de)(de)情況下，也(ye)能(neng)安全可靠(kao)的(de)(de)建設充(chong)電(dian)(dian)站，滿(man)足(zu)日益增(zeng)長的(de)(de)電(dian)(dian)動汽(qi)車充(chong)電(dian)(dian)需求。

光儲充一體化(hua)

截至17年上半年，全國光伏發電裝機容量達到10182萬千瓦，其中：光伏電站8439萬千瓦，分布式光伏1743萬千瓦，全國光伏發電量518億千瓦時，同比增加75%。清潔的新能源電力就應該為綠色環保的電動汽車充電，也(ye)可以成(cheng)為消納棄光(guang)棄風發(fa)電(dian)資(zi)源的主(zhu)要(yao)途徑。光(guang)儲(chu)充模式一直是(shi)行業(ye)討論的(de)焦點，目前國內有少數示(shi)范光(guang)儲(chu)充一體化充電站(zhan)運(yun)行良(liang)好(hao)。

分(fen)布式光伏尤其(qi)適合(he)與充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)結合(he)，今年分(fen)布式能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)已超過100%的(de)速(su)度在發(fa)(fa)展，在商(shang)業園(yuan)、工業園(yuan)、商(shang)用(yong)住(zhu)宅等建(jian)(jian)筑屋頂(ding)上建(jian)(jian)光伏,這樣規模(mo)化(hua)的(de)光伏建(jian)(jian)設，產生的(de)能(neng)(neng)(neng)量足夠(gou)滿足充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)的(de)使用(yong), 獨立(li)形成一(yi)個(ge)微電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)系(xi)統。為那些沒有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)資(zi)質的(de)民資(zi)或(huo)個(ge)體(ti)企業, 尤其(qi)是(shi)有(you)(you)集中(zhong)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)需求的(de)新能(neng)(neng)(neng)源(yuan)物流車(che)和電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)動汽車(che)租賃(lin)企業的(de)最好選(xuan)擇，因為分(fen)布式光伏儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)(neng)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)站(zhan)既(ji)不(bu)需要大面(mian)積的(de)土(tu)地(di)建(jian)(jian)站(zhan)，也沒有(you)(you)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)接入的(de)問(wen)題，“在地(di)發(fa)(fa)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)，就(jiu)地(di)消納”。同時根(gen)據需求與公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)互動，實現并網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、離(li)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)兩種(zhong)不(bu)同運行模(mo)式；甚至可以參與公共(gong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)調峰(feng)(feng)調頻、削(xue)峰(feng)(feng)填谷等輔助服務。“未來，‘光儲(chu)充’一(yi)體(ti)化(hua)甚至可以作(zuo)為智(zhi)慧高速(su)的(de)配(pei)套設施，支撐智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)路網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)電(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)、智(zhi)能(neng)(neng)(neng)信(xin)息網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)的(de)‘三網(wang)(wang)(wang)(wang)融合(he)’發(fa)(fa)展。”

退役動力電(dian)池的梯(ti)次利用

國內動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)的(de)首(shou)批退(tui)(tui)(tui)役高峰即將到(dao)來(lai)(lai)，以100萬(wan)輛電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車估算，一(yi)(yi)輛車配備20kw/h的(de)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，未(wei)來(lai)(lai)將陸續有20GW/h的(de)鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)電(dian)(dian)池(chi)退(tui)(tui)(tui)役。如果能(neng)(neng)二次利(li)用退(tui)(tui)(tui)役的(de)鋰(li)離(li)子(zi)動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)，建設(she)低成本的(de)儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)系統，不僅能(neng)(neng)通過峰谷價差取(qu)得良好的(de)經濟效益(yi)，還能(neng)(neng)避免環境破壞和資(zi)源浪費，取(qu)得良好的(de)社會(hui)效益(yi)。而(er)隨(sui)著(zhu)充電(dian)(dian)樁規模(mo)化的(de)建設(she),和儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)充電(dian)(dian)站相結合(he)，不僅有助于進一(yi)(yi)步(bu)降低建設(she)成本，更(geng)能(neng)(neng)使得電(dian)(dian)動(dong)汽(qi)車-動(dong)力電(dian)(dian)池(chi)-儲(chu)能(neng)(neng)-光伏(fu)-充電(dian)(dian)站，五(wu)位一(yi)(yi)體，走上更(geng)加(jia)綠色(se)環保的(de)良性(xing)循環之路。

總結

微電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)站，通過峰谷價差的利潤空間(jian)，在電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)現有容(rong)(rong)量(liang)下，做(zuo)好調(diao)峰調(diao)頻，緩解(jie)輸配電(dian)(dian)(dian)擴容(rong)(rong)壓力(li)，最大(da)限度的做(zuo)到均(jun)衡(heng)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)，最大(da)限度的保障電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)的穩(wen)定(ding)性；更(geng)能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)與(yu)新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源電(dian)(dian)(dian)力(li)相結合(he)，通過能(neng)(neng)量(liang)存儲(chu)(chu)和優化配置實現本地能(neng)(neng)源生(sheng)產與(yu)用電(dian)(dian)(dian)負(fu)荷相平衡(heng)；因(yin)此統(tong)(tong)一考慮儲(chu)(chu)能(neng)(neng)系(xi)統(tong)(tong)、電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)站與(yu)配電(dian)(dian)(dian)網(wang)富余容(rong)(rong)量(liang)，以及分布式(shi)光伏新(xin)(xin)能(neng)(neng)源的聯合(he)規劃,既可以滿足(zu)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)需(xu)求,又能(neng)(neng)夠(gou)提(ti)高(gao)方案(an)實施的經濟(ji)性、適用性和可靠性。必將(jiang)成為未(wei)來(lai)電(dian)(dian)(dian)動(dong)(dong)(dong)汽車(che)充電(dian)(dian)(dian)模式(shi)的主要選擇。